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Economics-Ans
1a)
Qd=40-2p:
Qd=40-2p
when P=N1
Qd=40-2(N1)
Qd=40-2
Qd=38
Qd=40-2p
when P=N3
Qd=40-2(N3)
Qd=40-6
Qd=34
Qd=40-2p
when P=N5
Qd=40-2p
Qd=40-2(N5)
Qd=40-10
Qd=30
Qd=40-2p
when P=N7
Qd=40-2(N7)
Qd=40-14
Qd=26
Qd=40-2p
When P=9
Qd=40-2(N9)
Qd=40-18
Qd=22
Qs=10 4p
when P=N1
Qs=10 4(N1)
Qs=10 4
Qs=14
Qs=10 4p
when P=N3
Qs=10 4(N3)
Qs=10 12
Qs=22
Qs=10 4p
when P=N5
Qs=10 4(N5)
Qs=10 20
Qs=30
Qs=10 4p
when P=N7
Qs=10 4(N7)
Qs=10 28
Qs=38
Qs=10 4p
when P=N9
Qs=10 4(N9)
Qs=10 36
Qs=46
1b)
Tabulate
demand and supply schedule of milk
Price N- |1|3|5|7|9|
quantity demand-|38|34|30|26|22|
quantity supplied-|14|22|30|38|46|
1c)
click here to veiw digrams
1d)
equilibrum price N5 A price at which quantity demanded equates quantity supplied
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4i)
marginal product is the Output that results from one additional unit of a factor of production (such as a labor hour or machine hour), all other factors remaining constant.
4ii)
law of diminishing returns states that in a production process, as one input variable is increased, there will be a point at which the marginal per unit output will start to decrease, holding all other factors constant.
4iii)
i)proper combination of factors of production:it helps the enterpreneur to combine factors of production properly to prevent wastage
ii)changes in scale of production: it helps forms to change the scale of production through the varcation of the quantities of all input
iii)it ensure efficiency: when mare variable factors are added to a fixed factor it eventually comes to a profitable level
==================================
6a)
Tax can be define as a compulsory contribution to state revenue, levied by the government on workers' income and business profits, or added to the cost of some goods, services, and transactions.
6b)
i)Lack of Equality: The bulk of PIT today
are paid by only the employees. Politicians, the rich, professionals and the privileged, few are not equitably taxed.
ii)Challenge of Multiple taxes: It is still a
major problem besetting our tax
collection and administration.
iii)Challenge of Bad Governance: Taxpayer are not encouraged to pay more taxes because there is no visible evidence of good governance.
iv)Challenge of Corruption: The tax
collection and administration is often
prone to corruption. The corruption risk erodes the tax yield and confidence in the system.
v)Challenges of Human Capacity
Building and Training: At the States and
Local Governments, there is dearth of
capable hands to administer the relevant taxes efficiently.
==================================
7a)
dependency ratio: this is the ratio of dependants to working population,it can be expressed as dependent population
7b)
declining population: it an increasing percentage of old people while the relative percentage of children and workers are decreasing
7c)
population density: it is described as the number of persons per square kilometre of land,it can either be high or low depending on the number of people in a specified area or country
7d)
effiency of labour: it is the ablity of labour to increase output without increasing the quantity of labour if labour is effiency the quantity of goods and services produced will be high
==================================
8)
i)ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
CURRENCY
ii)BANKER AND FINANCIAL ADVISER TO THE GOVERNMENT
iii)BANKER TO THE OTHER BANKS AND
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION
iv)LENDER OF LAST RESORT
v)CLEARING AND COLLECTION OF CHEQUES AND OTHER INSTRUMENT
i) ISSUANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF
CURRENCY It is the responsibility of the central bank of a country to issue and distribute the legal tender currency (notes and coins) of the country.
ii) BANKER AND FINANCIAL ADVISER TO THE GOVERNMENT The central bank keeps major accounts of the government and manages the account of government and its agencies. As a government bank it also ensure that money is available to finance the government budget deficits.
iii) BANKER TO THE OTHER BANKS AND
FINANCIAL INSTITUTION Central bank acts as the banker to the commercial banks. The central bank for a country keep banks’ account for commercial and merchant banks and other financial institutions operating within the country including foreign banks.
iv) LENDER OF LAST RESORT a process when bank is faced with a shortage liquid fund, after it has tried all other sources of fund without success it can always apply to obtain loan from central bank as a lender of last resort.
v) CLEARING AND COLLECTION OF CHEQUES AND OTHER INSTRUMENT In each country the central banks operates a clearing house. Cheques of commercial banks and other negotiable instrument are cleared (settled) through the clearing house.
(11 a )
Trade by barter can be defined as a
form of
trading in which goods are exchanged
directly for
other goods without the use of money
as a
medium of exchange
(11 b )
Do it yourself
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
(12 a )
National income may be defined as
the ways of
computing or determing the money
value of the
total volume of goods and services
produced or
the total income earned in a given
country over a
period of time , usually a year.
(12 b )
The methods are : -
(i ) Income method
(ii ) Output Method
(iii ) Expenditure Method
- INCOME METHOD : - This is defined
by adding
incomes received by all factores of
production .
The incomes to be added include
workers
earnings profit from enterpreneurs ,
rents on land ,
interest from capitals e .t . c . In order
to avoid
double counting , transfer payments
such as
payment to old people, beggers , e . t. c
are not
included . The income which must be
included
must be that which arises from the
production of
goods and services .
- OUTPUT METHOD : - This method
measures the
total money value of all goods and
services
produced in the country in a year . To
avoid double
counting the figures collected on the
basis of
value added i .e the value of output ,
less cost of
input .
- EXPENDICTURE METHOD : - This
method helps in
calculating the total amount spent on
consumption
and investment purpose during the
year . Transfer
payment such as pension paid to
refired workers ,
gift to beggers , e . t. c are excluded
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